Instructional Design Models

 

Instructional Design models are the framework for completing design projects. They provide a guideline to ensure learning objectives are achieved. 

The ADDIE, SAM, and Kemp models share some similarities but have different approaches. 

The ADDIE model is a traditional model with five phases. In the article Let's Talk ADDIE: It Still Matters, it states, "The ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implement, evaluate) model was developed in 1975 at Florida State University. This was the first Instructional Design model created, and it became a hallmark of its time. It was used by practically all major educational and business institutions" (Amatya). The phases in detail include:

• Analysis phase- includes analyzing the problem and establishing the outcomes and goals. It also includes establishing the environment and the learner's previous knowledge. 
• Design Phase- focuses on the objectives, assessment, content, subject matter, lesson plan, and media. 
• Development- creation and development of the content given in the design phase. A pilot test is usually conducted. 
• Implementation- preparing the learning space and engagement of the participants. 
• Evaluation- of learning resources and accomplishment of goals. 

The SAM (Successive Approximation Model) encourages more rapid development with consistent feedback during the project duration. This allows for more testing and adjustments. The phases include the Preparation phase and, getting user feedback, the Iterative design phase, which provides for prototype and implementation. Lastly, the Iterative development phase includes adjustment and development based on the feedback during implementation. In the article, The SAM (Successive Approximation Model) Approach to eLearning, it states, "The first draft or prototype is the "approximation" of the final solution. And because it is "successive"—the SAM  makes progress in small, quick steps" (Gore).

The Kemp model focuses on the designer taking the role has the learner. This approach considers the learner's needs, properties, and constraints when completing the objective, assessment, and course material. The Instructional Designer's Handbook from PennState states, "It is also unique in its non-linear structure and the interrelated nature of those main components allowing for flexibility as the ID moves through the nine stages of this design. These stages can be addressed simultaneously, individually, or in some cases- not at all" (PennState). Four elements of the Kemp model include student, objectives, methods, and evaluation. This model is considered a continuous cycle with revisions made throughout the process. 

For comparison, the ADDIE model is a longer linear process, with the prototype being presented further during the design process. The SAM model process is faster and more flexible, with testing and prototyping presented earlier during the design process. The Kemp model is similar to SAM, with constant revisions. 

The ADDIE model is great for streamlining e-learning development, whereas the SAM and Kemp non-linear approach is ideal for IT and e-learning.

References: 

Amatya, Gaurav. “Let's Talk Addie: It Still Matters.” ELearning Industry, 20 Oct. 2022, https://elearningindustry.com/lets-talk-addie-it-still-matters.

Gore, Emily. “The Sam (Successive Approximation Model) Approach to ELearning.” ELM Learning, 15 Sept. 2022, https://elmlearning.com/blog/sam-successive-approximation-model-approach/#:~:text=What%20Is%20the%20SAM%20Model,to%20test%20and%20adjust%20quickly.

State, Instructional Designers of Penn. “Instructional Designer's Handbook.” Instructional Designers Handbook, https://psu.pb.unizin.org/idhandbook/.